Which Religion, if any, Holds
the Truth?
Andrew Abraham
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. FORMULATING AND
APPLYING A TRUTH TEST
3. THE ORIGIN OF
RELIGIONS
4. CHRISTIANITY COMPARED
WITH JUDAISM
5. CHRISTIANITY COMPARED
WITH ISLAM
6. CONCLUSION
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1. INTRODUCTION
What is truth? Probably the
most famous passage of literature in which this question was asked is found in
the New Testament. It was at the trial of Jesus.
Pilate asked him, 'So
you are a king?' Jesus answered, 'You say that I am a king. For this I was
born, and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone
who belongs to the truth listens to my voice.' Pilate asked him, 'What
is truth?' After he had said this, he went out to the Jews again and told
them, 'I find no case against him. (John 18:37-38)
Pilate was sceptical. As in
today's society, he too was surrounded by a confusing variety of thoughts and
opinions. He found himself tossed about by waves of materialism, idealism,
superstition and atheism. The poor man had been confronted with too much
'truth.' Many philosophies, religions, and other worldviews claim to be possessing the truth. Pilate knew that in his world of
Roman politics and power struggles truth was not what mattered most. However,
to many people the question of truth is still of paramount importance. What
is truth anyway? The Hebrew word for 'truth' is 'Emeth',
which translated means 'firmness, stability.' The Greek word 'Aletheia' can be rendered 'the unveiled reality lying at
the basis of and agreeing with an appearance.' ('The Hebrew-Greek Key Study
Bible, edited by Spiros Zodhiates,
Th.D., AMG Publishers, Chattanoga,
TN 37422, U.S.A., 1990) The kind of Truth discussed on the following pages is
by its very nature exclusive. Seekers of Truth will be able to find it.
2. FORMULATING AND
APPLYING A TRUTH TEST
Let us consider briefly
those tests for truth, which have been set forth over the years. As shall be
seen they are helpful in some respects but none of them can establish one
worldview, one systematic analysis and critical examination of life, over
another.
A. Rationalism It is the view that knowledge is
independent of sense experience. Whatever is knowable or demonstrable by human
reason is supposed to be true. Since there is no way to logically prove the
laws of thought which are used to prove things, this test already comes to an
end in the beginning. It is circular reasoning to use logic as basis for
proving logic. Even in the weak form, that of noncontradictoriness,
rationalism is insufficient. The fact that something does not contradict
itself does not mean it is true. It only means that it is consistent within its
framework of thought.
B. Fideism In this view truth can not be
established by reason but must be accepted on faith. Since contrary beliefs
are possible it is not really a test but more a claim for truth.
C. Experientialism According to this view what can be
experienced is true. Since all worldviews claim to be able to have special
experiences it is also inadequate to establish truth.
D. Evidentialism It is the view that what can be
verified as a fact is true. While this test, like others, offers some
significant contribution, the interpretation of facts depends on the
perspective of a worldview. If facts gain their meaning by the context,
then they can not be used to determine the truth of the context. Evidentialism too leads us into circular reasoning and can
therefore not be used to establish the truth of a worldview.
E. Combinationalism,
known as systematic consistency It involves a combination of some of the previously evaluated and found
to be inadequate tests for truth between different worldviews. In the
same way that one defective car will not bring us any further than two
defective cars, it will not be helpful in our search for truth.
F. Pragmatism It holds that truth can not be
thought or felt but it can be discovered by attempting to live it. Truth,
according to this school of thought, is not what is consistent or adequate but
what is experimentally workable. However, since some things seem to work
well, such as lying, but are nevertheless wrong, pragmatism, at best,
manifests only the application but not the justification of a worldview. As a
test for truth it needs to be discarded.
G. Scepticism /
Agnosticism It is
the view that, in the light of the above, truth can not be known. Complete
scepticism by itself is a statement of truth. As such it is self-defeating.
Truth can not be denied unless some truth is being confirmed. In the limited
form, namely that only some truths can not be known, it is unsuccessful because
it does not eliminate the possibility that the truth of a world view can be
known.
H. Undeniability and Unafirmability Whatever is undeniable is true,
whether it is definitionally or existentially
undeniable.
If one view is undeniable, then conversely the other alternative views must be
untrue since they are unaffirmable. As an example, a
triangle, theoretically, by definition, must have three sides. If we find an
existing triangle then it must actually have three sides. We shall now apply this only valid
test for truth to the five main worldviews in order to establish the one that
is true.
Deism It holds that a god made the world
but does not intervene in it in miraculous ways. The deistic position is
inadequate because it is undeniable that if he has miraculously created the
world then the strong possibility of him performing other miracles follows necessarily.
It is unaffirmable to state that a god is
concerned enough for man to create him but that he would later not intervene on
his behalf.
Pantheism (as found in Hinduism and New
Age) It generally holds that God and the universe are ultimately absolutely
identical. Pantheism is not affirmable by man because according to this concept
he is not really different from God and therefore can not say, 'God is but I am
not,' since one must exist in order to affirm that one does not exist. If
we would be part of God, religious experience and indeed any other meaningful
experience which has to be based on something or someone other than one self is
impossible. Even those pantheists who allow for some reality to finite man will
have to admit that this is a denial of the way man experiences himself. It is
self-defeating to claim that individual finite selves are less than real
because then even statements such as, 'pantheism is
true' would be impossible.
Panentheism It is believed that God and the
universe are one but that he is, at the same time, greater than the universe. The
world is supposedly in God but he also exists beyond the world. God is
absolute, eternal, and infinite only in potentiality. However, he is relative
and finite in actuality. This bipolar concept of God poses a problem that
cannot be solved. How should God be able to actualize his own
potentialities? In the same way that this article is not going to be written by
itself, an author is needed, someone outside God would be needed to actualize
God's potentialities. Panentheism falls to the
ground because a finite, changing God would need a
infinite, unchanging basis for change since the relative always presupposes
the absolute.
Atheism (as found in
Confucianism and Buddhism)
In the light of God being
the undeniable source of religion, atheism (Greek: 'atheos',
'a', without and 'theos', god), the belief
that there is no God or supernatural power, is wrong. As truth it does not
measure up because he who says that the world has come into being by mere
chance can only make this statement in the overall context of design. That
apparently contradictionary statement is explained as
follows: There is no meaningful way to speak of a completely random universe as
Atheists do. Chance makes sense only on the backdrop of design, as
meaninglessness can be understood only in the overall context of meaning. Likewise,
there is no way to even express the state of complete randomness without
implying that there exist such characteristics of design as relatability,
or even intelligibility. That is why the argument for atheism from chance is
self defeating; it presupposes design and a designer. In other words one
must assume God in order to disprove God. For example, to say that God does
not exist because of all the evil in this world is to presuppose the equivalent
of God by way of an ultimate standard of justice. Also it would take absolute
knowledge to absolutely eliminate God. But absolute knowledge can only be
derived from God. To be an atheist in the absolute sense, one would have to
assume God in order to disprove God. Furthermore, contrary to reason, Atheists
are forced to believe that something finite, changing and dependent
comes from nothing, that matter generated mind and that potentials actualize
themselves. Those scientists who claim that matter has always existed are
making a very unscientific statement because there is absolutely no scientific proof, that matter has always existed.
Moreover, biological
organisms (including humans) act in accordance with their nature. The fact that
all human civilizations at all times and places have, by and large, looked for
meaning beyond themselves indicates that it is in the nature of man to go looking
for something 'out there' which then raises the question of why this is in
man's nature. Is it there because God put it there, or is it there because it
evolved? And what would be the evolutionary purpose of such a desire?
Lastly, science is
inherently unable to answer certain questions. Science cannot account for
things like heroism, self-sacrifice for the sake of others, romantic love --
those are all things beyond the reach of science. Faith in God is the same.
Those who find him tugging at their heart, may not be
able to offer a scientific explanation, but they are absolutely certain of it.
Theism (As found in Judaism,
Christianity and Islam) This only remaining view
affirms the existence of one transcendent and personal God who created and is
involved with the world from which he is distinct. By the process of
elimination Theism would be true since it is the only remaining noncontradictory worldview. It also passes the test for
truth for the following undeniable positive reasons: It is undeniable
that some things do exist. My non-existence is logically possible since it is
not absolutely necessary. Whatever has the potential not to exist must be
caused to exist by another. This process of cause and effect can not go on
forever because what receives existence from another cannot be the ultimate
cause of another's existence. In the beginning it must be based on something independent,
a necessary being with pure actuality and no potentiality. If it was not so
then even that cause would in reality only be an effect. Therefore a first
uncaused cause of my existence exists. This uncaused cause must be infinite and
perfect since nothing that is limited can cause itself. This infinitely perfect
Being is correctly called 'God,' the one who is worthy of worship, of an
ultimate commitment. Therefore God indeed exists and we do live in a theistic
universe. (For a more detailed reasoning please refer to "Christian
Apologetics" by Norman Geisler, Baker Book
House, Michigan, 1976, ch 1-13)
3. THE ORIGIN OF
RELIGIONS
Further evidence is support
for Theism is found by studying the origin of religions. Anthropologists and
historians believe that some form of religion has been practiced since people
first appeared on the earth. Many think that religion arouse
out of fear and wonder about natural events like storms and earthquakes, birth
and death. Human beings therefore are thought to have attached spirits to these
phenomena. If follows that these beings were then worshipped. This, however, is
impossible for three reasons:
A) In all religions we find
the experience of the Numinous. The word is derived from the Latin 'numen' meaning 'deity'. The feeling accompanying it is more
than fear, it has to do with an awe inspired by a
presence of divinity. It has come into a widespread existence and does not
disappear with the growth of knowledge and civilization. An example may help to
understand this concept. Suppose you were told in your living room was a bomb. Surely
you would be afraid, after all it is common knowledge that it might go off at
any time. A different kind of fear would come into you if you were made to
believe that a ghost was occupying your house. Since you have heard of the
horrible things others went through having been in the same position, you too
would be filled with dread because of the uncanny, frightening, rather than
dangerous situation. To be told and to believe that an Almighty Being fills
each room of your property would make you feel totally inadequate, ready to
prostrate and worship in awe. That is exactly how others before you have lived
through such an event. (Gen 28:17, Eze 1:18) The
point is that the step from fear to dread and to awe can only be made on the
basis of interpretation and understanding of previous experience. Fear of
danger arises by assessing physical facts known to be harmful and a logical
deduction from them. Fear, however, does not produce dread and awe naturally,
especially since the latter does still occur even in the mind at its fullest
development. No factual description of any human environment could include the
uncanny and the Numinous or even hint at them. These different categories can
only be arrived at if they have previously been encountered. In religion the
experience of the supernatural which causes awe is properly called revelation,
God's disclosure or manifestation to humanity of himself or of his will.
B) The second element in
religion is the acknowledgment of some kind of approved and disobeyed morality
in all human beings. Everyone is conscious of a moral law that makes them feel
guilty at times, knowing that they ought or ought not to have done something. Again,
this fact can not be logically concluded from the environment or any physical
experience. If we did not bring it to a situation we could not find it there. It
can only have been revealed to us. Any other explanation presupposes the very
morality people are trying to explain.
C) The third stage in
religious development arises when the numinous power is made the guardian of
the morality to which people feel obligation. The fact that a lot of non-moral
religion and non-religious morality exists shows that the combination of the numinous
and the moral experience is not logical. After all, the behavior
of the universe of which an unpredictable God is in charge, bears no resemblence to the behaviour which the moral law demands of
us. The one seems wasteful, ruthless, cruel and unjust,
the other demands of us the opposite qualities. Why would anybody want to have
a master who seems to contradict his own commandments? Once more, only
revelation justifies such a step. The origin of religion therefore must be
supernatural. However, that raises he
following questions: Why are there so many different religions also known as
worldviews? Do these understandings of the world and of life all present
different ways that lead eventually to the same God? That is impossible because
they often contradict each other substantially. God doesn't contradict himself.
He reveals a kind of truth which by its very nature is exclusive and leads to
true freedom. The lack of absolute truth opens the door for manipulation. Therefore,
the right beginnings must have been distorted by men. The only contestants left
in the race for truth are the theistic religions, Judaism, Christianity and
Islam.
4. CHRISTIANITY COMPARED
WITH JUDAISM
Let us begin by defining
religion. The actual word is most probably derived from the Latin 'religare' meaning 'to bind back' or 'to bind together.' It
could refer to the collecting of beliefs, conducts and rituals of a particular
persuasion. Today the definition of religion in the western world is often
understood in the way the 16th-century German reformer Martin Luther stated. He
said that to have a god was to 'have something in which the heart trusts
completely,' whether such a god was a supernatural being or something in the
world like wealth, power, career, or pleasure. That kind of religion does not
necessarily have to be involved with shrines, mosques, temples, churches, or
synagogues. It does not need complex doctrines or clergy. It can be anything
that is of ultimate concern to people, that fills their lives with meaning. By
logical application of the test of truth we have already eliminated all
religions and worldviews except the theistic one. Therefore we will be
primarily concerned with the first, traditional description of Religion as
belief in and worship of one God who is separate from his creation. This is
only true for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They, like most systems of
beliefs, attempt to give answers to basic questions such as, 'what is the
meaning of life, what happens after death, why is there evil, how should people
behave, how can we get eternal life in heaven?' In order to judge between the
different truth claims of these three religions we need to formulate another
test for truth: Whatever is systematically consistent in that it
explains most facts in the best way, not contradicting itself and in a manner
that fits with the overall system will be true. The test for truth within a
world view will therefore not be based on undeniability
as was the argument used to establish the truth between different world views. Rather,
it will be based on a degree of probability. Before we can compare the
two religions we have to ask the question whether the Bible is still reliable. Today's
translations of the Jewish Scriptures, known as the Old Testament, are based on
the Masoretic text the standard edition of the Hebrew
Old Testament. It was prepared by Jewish scholars, called Masoretes,
mainly from 500 to the 950 AD (See, "The World Book Encyclopaedia",
Volume 2, 1982, USA, page 222b) Furthermore the translators compared it with
a number of other sources still in existence today, the most important of
which is:
The Dead Sea Scrolls,
written in Hebrew at about 100 BC, discovered in the late 1940's and early 1950's in
The manuscript evidence for
the Christian Scriptures, known as the New Testament (NT), is equally strong. Approximately
5500 partial or complete copies of it are still in existence. That is by far
the most we have of any ancient work. Further witness to the
reliability of the New Testament include:
-About 18000 copies of NT
translations into different languages at an early date.
-About 86000 citations of
different parts of the NT in the writings of early Church Fathers within 250
years of its composition.
The oldest known copies of
almost half of the New Testament that are still in existence, are dated about
200 AD, that is 130-174 years after they were originally written. It is
important to realise that all the main Christian doctrines are therein
contained! The oldest copy of the complete New Testament (Gospel) which still
exists today is dated around 350 AD, that is 280-324 years after it was first
written down. This time span is minimal when compared to most ancient works. No
wonder that Sir Frederic Kenyon, former director and principal librarian of the
British Museum, a leading expert on ancient manuscripts, wrote: '...the last
foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially
as they were written has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the
general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally
established.' (Cited in "Answers to Tough Questions", by J. Mc Dowell
and Don Stewart, 1980, USA page 6) For an in-depth study of the matter please
see: www.domini.org
Christianity has got its
roots firmly established in the Jewish teachings of the Old Testament and agrees
in principal with the following areas: God reveals his plans for the redemption
of the whole world in the Jewish Scriptures also known as Torah and Zabur by Muslims. There we learn that a sovereign Creator
chooses people, families, tribes, and eventually the Jewish nation out of which
the Messiah was to come, to bless the whole world. In no case the selection
took place according to their goodness alone, but because they respond to God's
love by faith, a simple trust that what he said he would do.
Consider Abraham: 'He
believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.' (quote from Gen 15:6) Understand, then, that those who
believe are children of Abraham. The Scripture foresaw that God would justify
the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: 'All
nations will be blessed through you.' (quote from
Gen. 12:3,
Galatians 3:6-9
The law was not given to
the Jews so that they could become God's chosen people by keeping its
commandments. Rather it was to enable them to express their gratitude towards
God for the fact that they were already chosen. The law taught them
about God's perfect and holy standards and at the same time created an
awareness of their own sinfulness. The moral part of it, mainly expressed in
the 10 commandments (Exo 20) kept them away from
descending into the detestable practices of the surrounding nations. Furthermore,
the ceremonial part of the law, the regulations regarding sacrifices,
offerings, washings and food separated the Jews from all the other nations of
idol worshippers. Most importantly it reminded them that salvation was not
based on what human beings do but on God's ultimate provision in terms of the
animals to be sacrificed in a unique, divinely ordained way. The writings of
the prophets also contained in the Old Testament make it clear that the
ceremonial law was only a shadow (Heb 9:1-10) of things to come:
'You have no desire for
an offering or I would give it; you have no delight in burned offerings. The offerings of God are a broken
spirit; a broken and sorrowing heart, O God, you will not put from you.' (Psa 51:16-17, see also 1 Sam 15:22, Hos
6:6, Isa,
The prophet Isaiah
announced that sacrifices and offerings for sins pointed to the coming Messiah,
the redeemer:
'Surely he took up our
infirmities and carried our sorrows, yet we considered him stricken by God,
smitten by him, and afflicted. But he was pierced for our transgressions, he
was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon
him, and by his wounds we are healed..... For he was cut off from the land of
the living....He was assigned a grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his
death, though he had done no violence,... After the
suffering of his soul, he will see the light [of life] and be satisfied;...' (parts from Isa
53:4-11)
Once the Messiah had come,
the ceremonial law which had granted exclusive access to God for the Jewish
nation only would become fulfilled in him. From that time onwards the way to
the temple, symbolizing God's presence, would be granted to all nations by
faith:
'This is what Isaiah son
of Amoz saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem: In the
last days the mountain of the LORD'S temple will be established as chief among
the mountains; it will be raised above the hills, and all nations will
stream to it. Many peoples will come and say, 'Come, let us go up to the
mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob. He will teach us his
ways, so that we may walk in his paths.' The law will go out from
The identity of the Messiah
(Hebrew 'anointed one', Greek 'Christ') is the only area of disagreement
between the two faiths. While the Jews are still waiting for the one who
according to the Bible would deliver
6.
CHRISTIANITY COMPARED WITH ISLAM
We are left only with
either Christianity or Islam in the quest to find the one true religion. The
above mentioned test for systematic consistency, for the highest degree of
probability, will now be applied to them in five crucial areas where Christians
and Muslims are of a different opinion.
A) History
It is systematically
consistent with God's revealed nature in the Bible and the Quran,
the books of Christianity and Islam, that he will not contradict history. As
mentioned before, the cornerstone of Christianity (1 Cor
15:1-14), the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, is verified by secular,
as well as Biblical history. However, along comes the religion of Islam and
flatly denies this fact about six hundred years later (Surah
4, Al Nisa, 157). Numerous other historical
contradictions are found in it, such as:
B)
Science
Science is impartial
fact-finding, the objective and unprejudiced weighing of evidence. That kind of
objective science is what makes technology possible, and where it can be
employed it is indeed the most reliable way of determining the facts. Christianity
and Islam teach that God who gave the laws of creation is not normally going
against them. While the Biblical records confirm this truth the Quran does not. Here are a few examples:
C) Purpose of life
God created mankind for a
purpose. The Quran quotes Allah as saying:
'I have only created Jinns and men, that they may serve
me.'
(Surah
51, Al Dhariyat, verse 56)
The word 'serve',
is a translation of the Arabic 'Ibadah', commonly
rendered as, 'worship'. In this verse it means total obedience to Allah's
commands. Muslims find their purpose in life by obeying the commands of
Allah. ('Islam, Beliefs and Teachings' by Ghulam Sarwar, the Muslim Educational Trust,
According to the
Westminster Catechism the purpose of life for Christians is, 'to glorify God
and to enjoy him forever.' This statement is based on verses such as:
'... every one who is called by my name, whom I created for my
glory, whom I formed and made.' (Isa 43:7)
'Take delight in the
LORD, and he will give you the desires of your heart.' (Psa 37:4)
Whereas Christianity agrees
with Islam in so far that one should obey God and in so doing one brings glory,
honour to him, the aspect of fellowship with the Almighty is unique only to
the God of the Bible! What a wonderful prospect Christians find expressed
in the last book of the Bible describing their state in eternity:
'Behold, the dwelling
of God is with men. He will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and
God himself will be with them; he will wipe away every tear from their
eyes, and death shall be no more, neither shall there be mourning nor crying
nor pain any more, for the former things have passed away.' And he who
sat upon the throne said, 'Behold, I make all things new.' ....He who overcomes
shall have this heritage, and I will be his God and he shall be my son.' (Rev
21:3-5,7)
These comforting words are
contrasted sharply in the picture the Quran conveys
about paradise he created. There it is a place overflowing with sensual
delights, material riches but where Allah is absent since he is distinct
from his creation. (See Surah 55, Al Rahman, 54-60) The Quranic
view of paradise is already met here on earth by the rich and famous. However,
experience shows that they are still not satisfied. The richest man in the
world was once asked, 'You have got everything one could
wish for, is there still something you desire?' 'Yes, I want more,' was his sad
reply. The real worth of material riches and beauty is only learned in the
midst of their abundance. That is why
The greatest need human
beings have to live deeply fulfilling lives is never found in sensual delights
and materialism but in love that expresses itself in fellowship. There alone
are our longings for love that takes and gives being fulfilled. At the very root
of love that behaves in such a way is worship, found in the essence of our
being. Worship urges us to appreciate, to gaze and hold our breath, not for
what someone does for US, but for the very sake of their existence. To a
certain extent the heart felt need of love can be met in marriage, family and
other relationships. However, since human beings are inclined to selfishness
our ultimate need is only met in an imperfect way. Only a personal
relationship with God in heaven, as offered in the Bible, can truly satisfy
both, our need for love and also its cause, the vocation to worship. In this
fundamental issue, the search for the purpose of life, Christianity is far more
systematically consistent then Islam. According to the former, the meaning
of life is not only reflected in men's deepest need but also met eventually by
God himself in heaven. The booklet 'You are a winner' (see order
form) compares the two faiths in the area of sin, salvation and suffering. There
too Christianity comes out as the clear winner.
6. CONCLUSION
In the search for truth
we have formulated and applied a test which identified Christianity as taught
in the Bible as the truth among all other world views. It explains the facts in
the best way, not contradicting itself and in a manner that fits with the
overall system. It therefore must be true. This does not mean that there is no truth in
the Quran. After all, about 75% of it has originated
from the Bible even though many of the facts have changed quite considerably. The
point is that the Bible alone contains all truth necessary for our salvation
and it alone gives the reader instruction on how to live his life in a way
pleasing to God. That way is called Jesus who says about himself: 'I am
the way, the truth and the life. No-one comes to the Father except
through me.' (John 14:6)
To find out more about him
have a look at the offers below.
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Bibliography:
-'Christian
Apologetics' by Norman Geisler, Baker Book House,
Michigan, 1976, chapters 1-13.
-'Just thinking,'
Communiqué of Ravi Zacharias
International Ministries, Norcross, GA, USA, Winter
1998, 'Unobservable Aesthetics: The point of beauty,' by Manuel Zarate, pages 9-10.
-'Cries of the Heart,' by Ravi Zacharias, Word Publishing,
London, 1998, ch. 6, pages 153-180.
-'International Journal of
Frontier Mission,' Volume 14, number 1, January- March 1997, El Paso TX, USA,
'One's Future in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam,' by Dr. Daniel P. Fuller, pages
15-25.